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common name: pigeon louse fly or pigeon fly
scientific name: Pseudolychia canariensis (Macquart) (Insecta: Diptera: Hippoboscidae)
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Introduction - Distribution - Identification - Life Histories and Habitat - Hosts - Parasites - Selected References
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The pigeon louse fly, Pseudolychia canariensis (Macquart), is a common ectoparasite of pigeons and doves. The louse flies (Hippoboscidae) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of birds and mammals. Both adult males and females feed on the blood of their host. They are adapted for clinging to and moving through the plumage and pelage of their hosts. Strongly specialized claws help them cling to the hair or feathers of their particular host species. Pigeon flies retain their wings for their entire adult life. Others species are wingless (like sheep keds) or lose their wings once the newly emerged adults find a host (deer keds).
Figure 1. Dorsal view of an adult female pigeon louse fly, Pseudolychia canariensis (Macquart). Photograph by Karen Wheeler, University of Florida.
This fly is an obligate parasite of birds, especially feral and domestic pigeons and doves (Columbiformes). It is found wherever pigeons are encountered in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas with mild winters worldwide. It occurs throughout Florida and the Southeastern United States.
Pigeon louse flies are brown dorso-ventrally flattened flies that live among the body feathers of pigeons and doves. They are about the same size as house flies (5 to 6 mm head and body length, wings 6 to 7 mm) and are very slow fliers. They have a tough exoskeleton that protects them from being crushed by the grooming host.
Figure 2. Ventral view of an adult female pigeon louse fly, Pseudolychia canariensis (Macquart). Photograph by Karen Wheeler, University of Florida.
Louse flies have a very interesting reproductive strategy. The female produces one larva at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a 'milk gland' in the uterus of its mother. After three larval instars, the larva has reached its maximum size, the mother gives birth to the white pre-pupa which immediately begins to darken and form the puparium or pupal shell. The pupa of the pigeon louse fly looks like a dark brown, egg-shaped seed. The pupa is found in the nest of the host or on ledges where the birds roost. When the fly has completed its metamorphosis, the winged adult emerges from the puparium and flies in search of a host.
Figure 3. White pre-pupa (terminal larval instar which has stopped feeding and immediately begins to form the puparium when it is delivered by the mother), brown pupa and an adult pigeon louse fly, Pseudolychia canariensis (Macquart). Photograph by Karen Wheeler, University of Florida.
This fly is an obligate parasite of birds, especially feral and domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and doves (Columbiformes). Both sexes feed on the blood of the host bird. Theodor (1975) reported that it occurs primarily on pigeons and doves and has been found on many other types of birds in the Old World. He also reported that it only occurs on the domestic pigeon in America. However, it has also been collected from morning doves (Zenaida macroura) in Florida. Pigeon flies very rarely bite humans. Usually it is when a person is handling live pigeons and the flies abandon the birds and land on the person. Occasionally pigeon flies bite people after pigeons have been excluded from a structure. Newly emerged adults that are unable to find a bird host may go to humans in desperation and bite. Pigeon flies cannot survive on humans and are not known to transmit any diseases to humans. Their bites are comparable to stable fly bites and can be a painful nuisance.
Pigeon flies are commonly parasitized by the mite Myialges anchora (Myialgesidae) in the Old World (Theodor 1975) and this mite likely occurs in the Americas. The pigeon fly is the vector and intermediate host for sporozoite production of the protozoan parasite of pigeons, Haemoproteus columbae (Haemoproteidae: Haemosporidia) (Soulsby 1968). This malaria-like parasite has minimal effects on adult pigeons, but can be fatal to young birds.
Bird biting lice in the suborder Ischnocera (Phthiraptera [Mallophaga]) are often found riding on hippoboscid flies. This is a phoretic association and the lice do not feed on the flies. The lice clasp the legs or setae of the fly's body with their mandibles and hitch a ride to the next bird visited by the hippoboscid fly.
- Soulsby EJL. 1968. Helminths, Arthropods, and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. p. 692
- Theodor O. 1975. Diptera pupipara; Fauna Palaestina-Insecta I. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Israel. 170 pp.
If you’re sick of playing the GamePigeon game on your iPhone, the following guide should teach you how to delete GamePigeon on an iPhone running iOS 13/12/11. It walks you through the steps to get rid of the game completely on your iPhone. Read on to find out how.
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Social games have often been in trend and so, with the release of iOS 10, Apple announced that the iOS users would be able to play games with their social circle including friends right in the iMessage app on your iPhone. This gave birth to many games that only worked in the iMessage app and GamePigeon was one of those games. Those who finished the game complain they are unable to delete the GamePigeon game from their iPhone.
They say:
“All of the tricks that were online to delete game pigeon didn’t work for me so on the newest IOS I am trying to delete but I don’t know how”.
Despite following all the steps for how to delete GamePigeon on an iPhone running iOS 13/12/11 or any other version for that matter, the users aren’t able to completely uninstall the game on their iPhones. If you’re one of those users, the following guide should teach you how to uninstall GamePigeon on an iPhone.
The following procedure should work on most iPhones including iPhone 11/11 Pro (Max), iPhone XS/XS Max, iPhone XR, iPhone X, iPhone 8, iPhone 7, iPhone 6, iPhone 5, and so on. How to delete game pigeon on iPhone? Let’s figure it out.
Delete GamePigeon on an iPhone running iOS 13/12/11
Now that you have finished the game and would not want to play it any further in the iMessage app on your iPhone, let’s see how you can uninstall the GamePigeon game on your iPhone.
Step 1: Launch the iMessage app from the springboard on your iPhone. Locate the conversation where you were playing the game in the app and tap on it. Then, tap on the Edit button given at the top-right corner of your phone’s screen.
Step 2: Choose GamePigeon on the following screen and click on the plus sign to add the game to your favorites.
Step 3: Swipe left on the game to remove it from the favorites and then swipe left on it again to delete the game from your iPhone.
The game should now be uninstalled on your iPhone. You have successfully gotten rid of the sticky game on your iPhone and you may add new games to the app if you wish.
Tips for When You Delete an iMessage App/Game on Your iPhone
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On your iPhone, the iMessage app has its own App Store where you can find apps and games that are built specifically to work in the iMessage app on your device. You can find, install, and uninstall these apps and games by opening the iMessage app and accessing the iMessage App Store.
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If you cannot find the GamePigeon game in the iMessage app, you may need to tap on the More button so that all of the apps that work in the iMessage app are shown. Then, you can find the game and uninstall it on your device. Pigeon message tone download.
In case you wish to get the deleted GamePigeon game ever back on your iPhone, you can do so by launching the iMessage App Store and downloading the game again to your device. It will then be back and ready to be played with your friends in the app.
Conclusion
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If you are having issues getting rid of the GamePigeon game on your iPhone, the above guide should teach you how to delete GamePigeon game on an iPhone using the proper way so the game never shows up again on your device.
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